Purpose: Postural stability has an important role for developing locomotion skills, especially in childhood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the developmental change of postural stability with respect to locomotor skills. Methods: Thirty-five participants aged between five to seven year-old whom differentiated by pre examination were divided into Jumping, Hopping, Galloping and Skipping group, respectively. They were asked to perform quiet standing and leaning voluntarily forward, backward, left and right as far as possible on a force plate. A vector of center of pressure was measured to calculate postural stability and one-way ANOVA was performed. Results: Jumping group showed significant low postural stability than the others and there is no significant difference among Hopping, Galloping, and Skipping group who can perform advanced locomotor skills. Conclusion: Postural stability seems to increase when children acquire advance locomotor skills and this result might reflect nonlinear characteristic of human motor development.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of visual search and decision-making on expertise levels of rugby referees. Methods: The participants(n=6) consisted of 3 novices and 3 experts. They were asked to watch the rugby game videos wearing eye-tracking glasses and press a response key in the situation to recognize a foul or to blow a whistle. The videos consisted of two skill types(Ruck, Maul) and three situation types(legal, foul, advantage) were randomly presented, and at the end of the videos participants were asked to express verbally visual focus area. Independent variables were expertise level, skill types, and situation types, and dependent variables were the decision-precision, foul recognition time, decision-making time, visual search(eye movement frequency, fixations frequency, fixation duration ratio), fixation locations, and perceived eye-focus locations. Results: The expert referees made more accurate judgments in advantage situation, took longer decision-making time, and did more effective visual search, compared with the novice referees. In addition, the results on the fixation locations and the perceived eye-focus location revealed that expert referee focused more on attack location, and novice referee focused more on defense locations. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the effective visual search and decision-making training needs to be considered to strengthen refereeing capability, and then that would have a major impact on smooth game operation.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate a good timing of an external focus feedback for effective timing learning. Specifically, this study was to seek for the learning effectiveness in the relative timing and the absolute timing presenting three focus-feedbacks, which consisted of internal (the first phase)-external (the second phase), external-internal, and external-internal focus feedback respectively on the first phase and the second phase of learning stage. Methods: Participants (N=30) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, which differed in focus feedback type. They were asked to alternately depress the J and F keys on the keyboard to generate the goal pattern displayed on the screen as closely as possible. Results: No three groups revealed significant differences of relative and absolute timing errors at the pre-exercise session. The analysis, however, indicated main effects of the block on the relative and the absolute timing errors at the acquisition session. Also, two transfer sessions analysis indicated main effects of feedback types. Tukey HSD test indicated bigger relative timing errors for the internal-external group than two other groups. Conclusion: The results suggest that external-internal focus strategy than internal-external one produces similar learning effects as compared with external-external focus strategy on the relative timing structure in a new task.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term dance sports activity on ego-resilience, subjective happiness and balance in elderly women. The subjects were a total of 40 women who attended in a silver school in a medium-sized city. They all were over 64 years old and have not done exercise for past 6 months. Methods: Subjects were randomly assigned to experimental group (n=20) or control group (n=20). The dance sports activity of the experimental group was consist of ‘cha-cha’ and ‘jive’, and was done for 12 weeks, 3 times per week, 90 minutes per day. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) using the pre-test data as covariate was used to compare the difference between the two groups (α=.05). Results: There were significant differences in the ego-resilience [F(1,37)=726.108, p=.000, η2=.952], the subjective happiness [F(1,37)=299.353, p=.000, η2=.895], and the balance[F(1,37)=32.167, p=.000, η2=.738]. Conclusion: It was concluded that long-term dance sports activity have very positive effect on psychological health and balance for elderly women considering each effect sizes η2. Future studies are needed to examine the psychological effect of diverse dance sports programs which are proper for older adult`s physical features.

Purpose: This study tested the moderating effects of perceived control and cognitive appraisals in the relationships between goal orientation and emotions among athletes in the pre-competition setting. Methods: Participants included 473 high school athletes (318 males, 155 females). Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, correlation, and moderated regression analysis. Results: Results of regression analyses showed that athletes` mastery-approach goal, perceived control, and cognitive appraisals positively predicted positive emotions, while the two mastery-approach/mastery-avoidance goals and cognitive appraisals predicted negative emotion positively or negatively. In addition, results indicated that athletes` perception of control to a pre-competition situation moderated the effects of mastery-approach, performance -approach, and performance-avoidance goals on positive emotions, whereas athletes` perceived control and cognitive appraisals moderated the effects of mastery-approach, mastery-avoidance, and performanceapproach goals on negative emotions, respectfully. Conclusion: These findings suggest that athletes with high approach-goal orientation will be supposed to experience positive emotions as perceived high controllability in the competition setting, but the level of athletes` perception of control and cognitive appraisals to stressful events would be able to moderate the effects of goal orientations on negative emotions.

Purpose: In Korea, it is generally believed that national soccer team is prone to miss a goal at definite chance remarkably, compared with foreign teams. Even though it has long history and wide social attention, there has been few efforts to confirm whether this belief is true or not. In this study, we presumed that the belief around Korean national soccer team`s performance is a cognitive bias and stereotype coined and reinforced by the sports media and examined this belief empirically. Methods: The whole data of official matches between Korean and foreign national soccer teams over the 2000-2013 period were collected and 205 matches statistics of 77 national teams including Korean were analyzed. The ‘chance-to-goal ability’ between Korean and foreign national teams were compared. And then, Korean team`s ‘chance-to-goal ability’ was compared by match results and relative team`s strength to opponent team in detail. Results: There is no significant difference in ‘chance-to-goal ability’ between Korean and foreign national soccer teams. In addition, Korean team`s ‘chance-to-goal ability’ varied by match results and opponent team`s strength. Lastly, there is negligible correlation between ‘chance-to-goal ability’ and team`s strength. Conclusion: The ‘chance-to-goal ability’ of Korean national soccer team is not different from that of foreign teams, and this result goes against deep-rooted belief. The probable causes of the result and implications for the future research are discussed.

Purpose: Athletes` subjective responses to competition are dynamic and complex states, most often encompassing more than one emotion associated with specific types of appraisal and action tendencies, and mediated by various situational and personal factors. This study investigated the mediating effects of emotions in the relationship between adolescent boxers` cognitive appraisals and performance strategies in a pre-competition setting. Methods: The participants were 165 male and female boxing athletes aged from 13 to 19 years. They completed a multi-sectional questionnaires measuring the types of cognitive appraisals, emotions, and performance strategies. For data, descriptive statistics, correlations, and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted. Results: Athletes` positive emotions partially mediated the relationships between challenge appraisal and self talk, as well as challenge appraisal and conditioning in a pre-competition setting. But Athletes` negative emotions didn`t mediate the relationships threat appraisal and performance strategies. Conclusion: It was concluded that athletes` challenge appraisal, positive emotion, and performance strategies are highly related constructs. It is also important that coaches should have a greater understanding of the experience of adolescent boxing athletes in stressful competition in order to develop efficient performance strategies.

The aim of present study was to suggest the appropriate way to establish and interpret mediating effect on sport psychology research by reconsidering Barron and Kenny`s criteria (1986) which has been widely used for explaining mediating effect in psychological research. Qualitative review of psychological literature suggesting mediating effect was performed. As a result, we identified several limitations from the Barron and Kenny`s criteria which is two-dimensional classification including fully mediated model and partially mediated model. For example, the criteria cannot explain the issue related to equivalent models which are statistically identical but are logically different, and it disturbs apposite interpretation for the main mediated model. Thus, we discussed the relationship between the equivalent model and the mediated model, and suggested the advisable approach to mediated model for sport psychologists.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of grades, positions, and match results in the causal relationships between achievement-goal orientation and sport flow among middle and high school soccer players. The total data of 448 copies were collected from middle and high school soccer teams while 405 copies were accepted for final analysis without 43, and multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to the data. The result of latent mean analysis showed that middle school players had significantly higher mean in sense of control of sport flow and transformation of time, and defenders showed significantly higher than offenders in ego orientation and transformation of time, while winning group achieved significantly higher than losing group in all factors except ecstasy. Also multi-group analysis showed that achievement-goal orientation had significant effect on sport flow in middle and high school players, and middle school players had more powerful effect than high school players. Meanwhile, the achievement-goal orientation affected significantly on sport flow in offenders and defenders, and ego orientation of offenders affects on sport flow. task orientation of winning and losing groups had significant effect on sport flow, and ego orientation of winning group showed significant effect on sport flow.

Purpose: This study aims to identify the conceptual structure of In-sung, which was formed in unique environments including a sports venue, and develop In-sung scale in athletes. Methods: An open-ended questionnaire was given to 384 team or individual event athletes who attend high school or have higher education, to explore the conceptual structure and make questionnaires based on the results obtained from the open questionnaires. To develop the questionnaire, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted with a total of 546 athletes who attend high school or have higher educations. Results: Results from the exploratory factor analysis revealed that Korean athletes` In-sung was classified under five factors in competitive situation (Evoke negative emotions in the opponent, Respect for opponent, Consideration for teammates, Trust in leaders/senior members, Referee judgment), and four factors in generic situation (Politeness/ Respect, Loyalty, Social norm, Responsibility). The confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the model fit was judged to be good and identified 33 items in 9 factors. The convergent validity of the all selected items was tested.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to define mental coaching and to identify the application of mental coaching in sport. There are confusions in sport psychological interventions between Psychological skills training and counseling. Psychological skills training enhances the athlete`s performance by controlling their various psychological factors through sport psychological interventions. But psychological skills training focuses on improving performance without considering the athlete`s individual development and self realization. Mental coaching consists of psychological skills training, counseling and mentoring. And mental coaching should enhance performance by psychological skills training, promote personal growth by counseling, and promote the athlete`s self-realization by mentoring. Limitations of Psychological intervention: As an application of sport psychology. counseling and psychological skills training is still valid. However, conflicts of psychological skills training, absence of present methods for sport psychological intervention fruits, prejudice for sport psychological intervention in sports fields, limited access routes for the application of sport psychological intervention for athletes, and separation between the sports psychologist and the coach creates difficulties in the application of sports psychology. Conclusion: Mental coaching, in harmony with psychological skills training, counseling and mentoring becomes more effective via integration between the sports psychologist and coach.